United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)



·



·     Chair: Alan Emmanuel Mejía Flores
·     Moderator: Ariadna Michelle Aguilar Santos
·     Conference Officer: Andrea Monserrat Ulloa Arévalo

Favorite Subject:
Physical Education


Hobbies: Play Basketball, Ice Skating

Position:
Conference Officer

Committee:
UNICEF
Something I think others haven’t done:
Eat a kind of beans with ketchup and pancakes that are kind of thin hot cakes with sugar and lemon… all this in England



Alan Emanuel Mejia Flores

Age: 15 years
Birthday: December 1
Favorite Subject: English

       What I like: I like being with my friends, I like to go out with them I like to swim and I love to dance I love driving but I'm not very good haha
      What I do not like: It's that people are annoying, another thing I like are the cats and I think that's all
     Something that I think no one else is done: Horseback riding thrown in if I am and I like strong emotions

     Topics
a. How to eradicate the slavery of children in Middle East and Africa.
b. Sexual violence against children





Dear delegates:
Hope you get one more great experience in this year´s PazMUN with new memories and experiences you won´t forget.
This year UNICEF´s committee will be treating two seriously and interesting topics; Child traffic on South Africa and Sexual violence against children; you will have to imagine all those children future depends on you for making it more interesting than it is, in my own experience PazMUN it´s a great way to practice for all possible situation you will have to deal with and you will get knew knowledge you may be will need on an distant future , I expect you to put all your effort and your competitive sense, first able to enjoy what you are doing, don´t do it just to get a good grade, do it cause you have the capacity to be the best, and try to be the best, I wish everyone become the best, but not because you think the boy or girl next to you it´s better you won’t try, you have to succeed in everything you do, not because it´s hard or difficult you won´t do it, don´t judge a book by his cover or just like Frank an´Furter character in my favorite musical movie said don´t dream it, be it.
Good Luck,
Your UNICEF president.




UNICEF(United Nations International Children Emergency Fund)


TopicA: Eradicate slavery on Middle East and South Africa
Topic B: Sexual violence against children




UNICEF President: MaríaElena García Hernández
Chair:Alan Emanuel Mejia Flores
Moderator:Ariadna Michelle Aguilar Santos
ConferenceOfficer: Andrea Monserrat Ulloa Arévalo








Background

UNICEF beganits mission in 1946 as a relief organization for children after World WarII. Its mandate soon expanded to helping children whose lives were atrisk in developing countries. Throughout its history, UNICEF’s priorities havebeen realizing the intrinsic rights of children to a basic quality of life,rights world leaders further defined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child.UNICEF bases its actions on up-to-date substantial research and experience onwhat works to help give children the best start in life, to survive and thrive,especially in emergencies, and to go to school. This work correlates closelywith the Millennium Development Goals set by United Nations States in 2000 andis central to meeting them. Of the 48 indicators of progress toward the Goals,UNICEF is chiefly responsible for progress in 13.
UNICEF’swork can be grouped into five main strategic areas. They are all interrelated;progress in any one leads to progress in the others. Together, they make adifference for children by supporting implementation of the Millennium SummitDeclaration and the world’s work toward the Goals.
They alsoensure that UNICEF contributes effectively to reducing poverty, throughadvocacy and partnerships that create sustained investments in children’ssurvival, development and protection.
They focus in several areas; HIV/ AIDS and children: mother to childtransmission, Pediatric treatment, Prevention, Children Affected by AIDS;Children survival and development: Evidence based child survival, nutrition andenvironmental interventions; Child protection: Protecting children fromviolence, exploitation and abuse; Basic education and gender equality: Free,compulsory quality education for all children; Policy advocacy andpartnerships: Data, policy analysis, leveraging resources, child participation.
UNICEF(United Nations International Children Emergency Fund) is the driving force that helps build a world where the rights of everychild are realized. They have the global authority to influencedecision-makers, and the variety of partners at grassroots level to turn the mostinnovative ideas into reality. That makes them unique among worldorganizations, and unique among those working with the young.
UNICEF believes that nurturing and caring for children are thecornerstones of human progress. UNICEF was created with this purpose inmind to work with others to overcome the obstacles that poverty, violence,disease and discrimination place in a child’s path. Believing that togetherthey can advance the cause of humanity.
Source of information:
UNICEF. “Whowe are?” (28 February 2012) http://www.unicef.org/mdg/index_unicefsrole.htm
UNICEF.“What we do?” (28 February 2012) http://www.unicef.org/whatwedo/index.html

HistoricalBackground
TopicA: Eradicate slavery on Middle East and South Africa

Slavery hasbeen rife throughout all of ancient history. Most, if not all, ancientcivilizations practiced this institution and it is described (and defended) inearly writings of the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Egyptians. It was alsopracticed by early societies in central America and Africa.
The Qur'anprescribes a humanitarian approach to slavery -- free men could not beenslaved, and those faithful to foreign religions could live as protectedpersons, dhimmis, under Muslim rule (as long as they maintained paymentof taxes called Kharaj and Jizya). However, the spread of theIslamic Empire resulted in a much harsher interpretation of the law. Forexample, if someone was unable to pay the taxes they could be enslaved, andpeople from outside the borders of the Islamic Empire were considered anacceptable source of slaves.
Although thelaw required owners to treat slaves well and provide medical treatment, a slavehad no right to be heard in court (testimony was forbidden by slaves), had noright to property, could marry only with permission of their owner, and wasconsidered to be a chattel, that is the (moveable) property, of the slaveowner. Conversion to Islam did not automatically give a slave freedom nor didit confer freedom to their children. Whilst highly educated slaves and those inthe military did win their freedom, those used for basic duties rarely achievedfreedom. In addition, the recorded mortality rate was high this was stillsignificant even as late as the nineteenth century and was remarked upon bywestern travelers in North Africa and Egypt.
BlackAfricans were transported to the Islamic empire across the Sahara to Moroccoand Tunisia from West Africa, from Chad to Libya, along the Nile from EastAfrica, and up the coast of East Africa to the Persian Gulf. This trade hadbeen well entrenched for over 600 years before Europeans arrived, and haddriven the rapid expansion of Islam across North Africa.
By the timeof the Ottoman Empire, the majority of slaves were obtained by raiding in Africa.Russian expansion had put an end to the source of "exceptionallybeautiful" female and "brave" male slaves from the Caucasians --the women were highly prised in the harem, the men in the military. The greattrade networks across north Africa were as much to do with the safetransportation of slaves as other goods. An analysis of prices at various slavemarkets shows that eunuchs fetched higher prices than other males, encouragingthe castration of slaves before export.
Documentationsuggests that slaves throughout Islamic world were mainly used for menialdomestic and commercial purposes. Eunuchs were especially prised for bodyguardsand confidential servants; women as concubines and menials. A Muslim slaveowner was entitled by law to use slaves for sexual pleasure.
As primarysource material becomes available to Western scholars, the bias towards urbanslaves is being questioned. Records also show that thousands of slaves wereused in gangs for agriculture and mining. Large landowners and rulers usedthousands of such slaves, usually in dire conditions: "of the Saharan saltmines it is said that no slave lived there for more than five years.
Egypt
Egyptwas an early signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and one ofthe six initiators of the first World Summit for Children. Over the past threedecades, Egypt’s economic and social indicators have improved significantly,and its Human Development Index ranking increased by almost 50 per cent, movingit from the low to medium development group (120 out of 177 countries).However, economic growth has not yet translated into sustainable improvement ofEgyptians’ well-being, and poverty persists. The Government has adopted severalimportant measures aimed at accelerating economic growth, creating jobopportunities and better focusing of social safety nets, particularly subsidyschemes. In relation to children specifically, The Presidential Declaration ofthe Second Decade for the Protection and Welfare of the Egyptian Child (2000-2010)placed children at the forefront of the development agenda.
Algeria
The rights to education, health and protection arerecognized by the Constitution and legislation. Algeria has been the country'sindependence, invested significant resources to ensure to all people equalaccess to schooling, health care and social protection. The country has committed since 1999,programs of national and regional development to improve the socio-economicpopulation, and that of children and women in particular, and to reduceregional disparities in access to services quality basic.
Iran
Iran ratified the Convention on the Rights ofthe Child (CRC) in 1994 with general reservations. It has reported twice to theCommittee on the Rights of the Child. The Parliament approved the signingof the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen (CEDAW) in 2003, but it still requires the approval of a higher body.
Source of information:

UNICEF “The Situation of Children and Women in Egypt” (28 February 2012) http://www.unicef.org/egypt/overview.html

UNICEF “Children in Algeria” (28 February 2012) http://www.unicef.org/algeria/enfants.html

UNICEF “Overview “(28February 2012) http://www.unicef.org/iran/overview.html


Topic B: Sexual violence against children


Sexualviolence against children is a gross violation of children’s rights. Yet it isa global reality across all countries and social groups. It takes the form ofsexual abuse, harassment, rape or sexual exploitation in prostitution orpornography. It can happen in homes, institutions, schools, workplaces, intravel and tourism facilities, within communities - both in development andemergency contexts (see genderbased violence in emergency situations).Increasingly, the internet and mobile phones also put children at risk ofsexual violence as some adults look to the internet to pursue sexualrelationships with children. There is also an increase in the number andcirculation of images of child abuse. Children themselves also send each othersexualized messages or images on their mobile phones, so called ‘sexting’,which puts them at risk for other abuse.
In 2002, WHOestimated that 150 million girls and 73 million boys under 18 years experiencedforced sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual violence involving physicalcontact (United Nations study on violence against children).Millions more are likely exploited in prostitution or pornography each year,most of the times lured or forced into these situations through false promisesand limited knowledge about the risks. Yet the true magnitude of sexualviolence is hidden because of its sensitive and illegal nature. Most childrenand families do not report cases of abuse and exploitation because of stigma,fear, and lack of trust in the authorities. Social tolerance and lack ofawareness also contribute to under-reporting.
Evidenceshows that sexual violence can have serious short- and long-term physical,psychological and social consequences not only for girls or boys, but also fortheir families and communities. This includes increased risks for illness,unwanted pregnancy, psychological distress, stigma, discrimination anddifficulties at school.
Measurescurrently
As part ofUNICEF’s commitment to the Convention on the Rights of the Child andthe Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action toPrevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents,UNICEF works to prevent and respond to sexual violence by engaging differentgovernment sectors - justice, social welfare, education and health - as well aslegislators, civil society, community leaders, religious groups, the privatesector, media, families and children themselves. UNICEF supports governments instrengthening child protection systems at national and local levels– includinglaws, policies, regulations and the provision of comprehensive services tochild victims. UNICEF also works with communities and the general public toraise awareness about the problem and address attitudes, norms and practicesthat are harmful to children.
SouthAfrica
In South Africa UNICEF worked through non-governmentalorganizations during the years of apartheid. The UNICEF office in South Africaopened in 1994. With a strong presence in South Africa, UNICEF is a leadingadvocate for children. We have the global authority to influence decisionmakers and the variety of partners at the grassroots level to turn the mostinnovative ideas into reality. Many families in South Africa face severechallenges in protecting and caring for their children. On one hand, thecountry has inherited a legacy of violence, extreme inequality and socialdislocation. This has translated into many social ills in the day-today livesof children, such as high levels of domestic violence, substance abuse, sexualabuse and neglect.
United States of America
The U.S.Fund for UNICEF supports UNICEF's humanitarian relief work through fundraising,advocacy and education in the United States. UNICEF's unrivalled access, expertise andinfluence with governments throughout the world have allowed us to save morechildren's lives than any other humanitarian organization. Despite extraordinaryprogress, 21,000 children still die each day from preventable causes.
Afghanistan
Afghanistan has faced a serious drought in the north, northeast, westand southern provinces affecting 2.5 million people, 50 per cent of themchildren. The lack of water and food will exacerbate the outbreak of diseaseand malnutrition among children. In addition, Anti Government Elements (AGE) isbecoming more active in the south and south-eastern regions. The conflictbetween the Government of Afghanistan/ Coalition Forces and AGE is hamperinghumanitarian services from reaching vulnerable groups and is forcing thepopulation to move out of their villages for sage havens. So far, theGovernment has officially announced that more than 20,000 families aredisplaced from the Uruzgan, Helmand and Kandahar provinces, with numbers likelyto increase with the spread of fighting to other areas. The combination ofdrought and conflict will lead to a further deterioration of the situation andwill require massive mobilization to save lives, in particular with respect tochildren and women.
Iran
Most people in the Islamic Republic of Iran enjoy an average quality oflife. However, there are still many challenges ahead. These include highunemployment, unequal distribution of income and inequality of opportunity.Approximately 20% of the population live below the poverty line (2003 UN CommonCountry Assessment) and serious regional disparities exist, they have Areasof intervention like:
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->early childhood development
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->girls’ education and women’sempowerment
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->HIV/AIDS prevention
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->children protection

Source of information:

UNICEF” Sexual violence against children” (28 February 2012) http://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_58006.html

UNICEF”History UNICEF “(28 February 2012) http://www.unicef.org/southafrica/vacancies_8415.html
UNICEF”About us: South Africa “(28 February 2012) http://www.unicef.org/southafrica/protection.html
UNICEF”About us: USA “(28 February 2012) http://www.unicefusa.org/about/
UNICEF” Infocountry: Afghanistan “(28 February 2012) http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/afghanistan_31224.html








UNICEF DelegateCountry
1Álvarez Zetina César

ITALY
2Martínez A. Alejandra

UK
3Fierros Flores
Oscar Eduardo

NIGER
4Domínguez Pérez Karla Arantza

JAPAN

GOES TO UNEP UK


6Fernández Rafael

ALGERIA
7Arjona Ruiz José Enrique

RUSSIAN FEDERATION
8Sarabia José Antonio

AFGHANISTAN
9Morón López Luis Fernando

USA
10Hinojosa Diego

THAILAND
11Torres Días AuroraDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
12Mora Cárdenas Jorge

KAZAKHSTAN
13Berumen Rodríguez Daniel

CHINA
14Nila León Leslie Sahad

IRAN
15Forcada Jaimes Alison

ZIMBABWE
16Ramírez Mejía Israel

EGYPT
17Uribe Armenta José Alberto

SOUTH AFRICA
18Mora Velazquez Mónica YadhiraFRANCE




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